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   <title>Ghost in the Wire</title>
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   <id>tag:www.ghostinthewire.org,2007://1</id>
   <updated>2007-09-24T05:10:20Z</updated>
   
   <generator uri="http://www.sixapart.com/movabletype/">Movable Type 3.33</generator>

<entry>
   <title>Musical Interlude (i.e. Plug)</title>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.ghostinthewire.org/2007/09/musical_interlude_ie_plug.php" />
   <id>tag:www.ghostinthewire.org,2007://1.117</id>
   
   <published>2007-09-24T04:59:38Z</published>
   <updated>2007-09-24T05:10:20Z</updated>
   
   <summary>One of my all time favorite female singer-songwriters, Kate Fenner, has a relatively recent website redesign that uses a mesmerizing array of flash images on a white background. The images, which look like color sketch work, are striking and somewhat...</summary>
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      <![CDATA[One of my all time favorite female singer-songwriters, <a href="http://katefenner.com/">Kate Fenner</a>, has a relatively recent website redesign that uses a mesmerizing array of flash images on a white background.  The images, which look like color sketch work, are striking and somewhat hypnotic.  There are also four tracks to listen to, including a tribute to the now defunct <a href="http://www.rheostatics.ca/">Rheostatics</a>.  Anyway, check it out, and if you do not have her first album, go grab a copy.

Oh, and for those who think the name sounds familiar but just can't place it, Kate Fenner was formerly with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Tabernacle_Choir">Bourbon Tabernacle Choir</a> and even more recently a duo act with her musical partner <a href="http://www.chrisandkate.com/">Chris Brown</a>.  The two penned and performed the widely acclaimed <A href="http://resistwar.com/music/Resist%20WarFM.mp3">"resist war" track</a>, one of the better contemporary protest songs.

Now if only we could get one or both of them to visit Seattle.  Hmm.]]>
      
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</entry>
<entry>
   <title>Broiled Crimini Mushrooms and Leeks</title>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.ghostinthewire.org/2007/09/broiled_crimini_mushrooms_and.php" />
   <id>tag:www.ghostinthewire.org,2007://1.116</id>
   
   <published>2007-09-18T23:05:20Z</published>
   <updated>2007-11-17T18:21:44Z</updated>
   
   <summary>Looking for a way to bring out the flavor in Crimini mushrooms? Mushrooms often pose difficulties for the kitchen, and the tendency is to toss them in with some other dish, be it salad or stir-fry, which works and whatnot,...</summary>
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      <name></name>
      
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   <category term="255" label="cooking" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
   <category term="257" label="mushrooms" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
   <category term="256" label="recipe" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
   
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      Looking for a way to bring out the flavor in Crimini mushrooms?  Mushrooms often pose difficulties for the kitchen, and the tendency is to toss them in with some other dish, be it salad or stir-fry, which works and whatnot, but it sacrifices the earthy loving of the mushroom and sublimates it to something else.  So here&apos;s a quick way to make a mouth-popping dish that avoids that problem.  You will need:

6-8 oz. of Crimini mushrooms, organic and local if you can.
1 Leek.
4 tablespoons of teriyaki sauce.
1 tablespoon of brown rice syrup (or honey).
1 generous teaspoon of sesame oil.
1/2 a lemon, or a whole one if on the small side.

Get a baking dish out and preheat the broiler.  Put in the teriyaki sauce, the rice syrup, and the sesame oil.  Then squeeze the juice out of the lemon (seed it first if you need to).  Whisk the mixture together.  Now wash the Crimini mushrooms and pat dry with a towel.  Add them to the bowl and stir until coated.  Now lay the leek out horizontally and cut it into 1 inch sections and then cut each of those length-wise twice, rotating the section 90 degrees between cuts (in effect, just cubing each 1 inch section).  Add to the bowl, and stir until coated.  By now, the broiler is ready, so pop them in the oven and cook for four minutes.  Pull them out, given them a good stir, and then broil for another minute or two.  The mushrooms will have busted out into a nutty brown and the leeks gone soft and lost some of their fibrous quality when it&apos;s all done.  Serve as is with a side of brown rice.  Fast, healthy, and scrumptious.
      
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</entry>
<entry>
   <title>We Interrupt Our Regular Broadcast: Why I May Not Buy a Dell</title>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.ghostinthewire.org/2007/09/we_interrupt_our_regular_broad.php" />
   <id>tag:www.ghostinthewire.org,2007://1.115</id>
   
   <published>2007-09-09T05:18:08Z</published>
   <updated>2007-11-08T02:37:30Z</updated>
   
   <summary>Call it Dell&apos;s One-Dimensional Computer. What follows is the transcript of an online chat with a Dell representative. Disappointing, to say the least. 08:37:53 PM System System Initial Question/Comment: Is it really the case that there&apos;s only one laptop line...</summary>
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      <![CDATA[Call it Dell's One-Dimensional Computer.

What follows is the transcript of an online chat with a Dell representative.  Disappointing, to say the least.

<blockquote>
08:37:53 PM 	System	System	Initial Question/Comment: Is it really the case that there's only one laptop line available with ubuntu pre-installed?

08:38:34 PM 	System	System	BE_Rep_Heritha has joined this session!

08:38:34 PM 	System	System	Connected with BE_Rep_Heritha

08:38:47 PM 	Customer	Ken Rufo	Hello :)

08:39:19 PM 	Agent	BE_Rep_Heritha	Welcome to Dell Sales Chat. My name is Ritha. I'll be your personal sales agent today. Give me a moment to review your concern. Please don’t go away. Is Ritha.

08:39:34 PM 	Agent	BE_Rep_Heritha	You can also email us at us_dhs_reply@dell.com.We are available 8am-10pm We are available from 8am-11pm CST. Monday-Sunday. Rest assured that we'll get back to you as soon as possible.

08:39:39 PM 	Agent	BE_Rep_Heritha	Hi ken.

08:41:07 PM 	Agent	BE_Rep_Heritha	Yes that is only the 1420 system.

08:41:08 PM 	Customer	Ken Rufo	I'm looking to replace my laptop in the next month or so, and as someone who has converted to ubuntu for a year and a half now, I have no desire to go back to windows, but I want a laptop with discrete graphics memory - i was told you had a line like that, but now I only see one model for the open source laptops.

08:41:13 PM 	Customer	Ken Rufo	Why?

08:41:51 PM 	Customer	Ken Rufo	I mean I have never bought a dell before, and you're my first place to look given that I wouldn't have to deal with the EULA/refund hassle for Vista, but your options are so slight... it doesn't make sense.

08:42:21 PM 	Customer	Ken Rufo	Without more options, you lose the competitive advantage you have over HP (which is the manufacture of laptop I'm using now) - I'm totally confused.

08:42:38 PM 	Customer	Ken Rufo	Or whoever else, I suppose.

08:42:39 PM 	Agent	BE_Rep_Heritha	I'm sorry for that ken.

08:42:44 PM 	Customer	Ken Rufo	Is there a reason for it?

08:43:08 PM 	Customer	Ken Rufo	You have like 9 vista models, which I'm still considering, it's just a shame I then have to call and ask for a refund...

08:44:20 PM 	Agent	BE_Rep_Heritha	I assure you that you will have a great system with dell Ken.

08:45:05 PM 	Customer	Ken Rufo	Umm, ok. Is there a rule against answering the "why so few options" question? Like does it violate some weird licensing agreement, or publicize some weird licensing agreement to answer?

08:45:39 PM 	Customer	Ken Rufo	How about this - can I get one of the other lines with NO OS?

08:46:46 PM 	Agent	BE_Rep_Heritha	The operating system comes pre-installed in the system already, we don't have system that is not pre-installed with OS.

08:47:22 PM 	Customer	Ken Rufo	And again no attempted answer to the why question. Seriously, is there something weird about that question?

08:48:58 PM 	Customer	Ken Rufo	You did use to have a second linux notebook model, right?

08:49:13 PM 	Customer	Ken Rufo	A 15 incher?

08:49:26 PM 	Agent	BE_Rep_Heritha	No ken..What we have online is what we can offer.WEe have full line of systems,and since we would like to cater to everyone's need,we still have choices for you from the open source.

08:49:42 PM 	Customer	Ken Rufo	What are my choices?

08:49:49 PM 	Customer	Ken Rufo	The 1420n and ___?

08:50:38 PM 	Agent	BE_Rep_Heritha	Sorry but Ubuntu is limited to one system only.We have free dos as well.for 1420n.

08:50:41 PM 	Customer	Ken Rufo	I'm not trying to be a smart ass, I'm really trying to understand my options.

08:51:06 PM 	Customer	Ken Rufo	So by choices, you mean choices of OS, not choices of notebook hardware for that particular OS.

08:51:55 PM 	Agent	BE_Rep_Heritha	Yes ken.

08:51:55 PM 	Customer	Ken Rufo	Are there any plans to change that in the near to medium future? And is the 15 incher you used to sell still available?

08:52:18 PM 	Agent	BE_Rep_Heritha	We do have 15 inch systems.

08:52:36 PM 	Customer	Ken Rufo	Just not with Ubuntu, right?

08:53:05 PM 	Customer	Ken Rufo	And you won't let me customize it in a way that actually puts ubuntu on it, correct?

08:53:24 PM 	Customer	Ken Rufo	Even though you sell ubuntu on other models... Ok, so seriously, what is the reason for that?

08:53:44 PM 	Agent	BE_Rep_Heritha	Sorry but you can only have 1420 for Ubuntu.

08:53:55 PM 	Customer	Ken Rufo	Right, I get it. Is there a reason for that?

08:54:25 PM 	Customer	Ken Rufo	Look, you can understand my position - I'm considering getting a dell notebook with ubuntu, even if it's not exactly the hardware specs I'm looking for, but I want to know if Dell is being serious about it.

08:55:08 PM 	Customer	Ken Rufo	At a support level, I mean.

08:55:16 PM 	Agent	BE_Rep_Heritha	Yes we surely are..I assure you that:)

08:55:45 PM 	Customer	Ken Rufo	Ok, then please explain the reason for the limited options. I've asked nicely several times, and the answer does matter to my purchasing decision.

08:58:17 PM 	Agent	BE_Rep_Heritha	I do apologize for the inconvenience,but for now,that is the only system we can configure with Ubuntu.

08:59:43 PM 	Customer	Ken Rufo	I understand the facts of it now, I really do. But you used to offer another model, and now you don't. So you have halved your options and effectively turned it into "option," and all I'm asking is to have some idea why Dell did this, so I can know whether or not I should give Dell some sort of competitive benefit when making my purchasing decision, a benefit they would accrue if I got the sense they were really serious about supporting ubuntu.

09:00:06 PM 	Customer	Ken Rufo	The problem is when you tell me you're very serious, that seems confounded by the lack of options, so I'm asking for a bit of explanation, that's all.

09:05:08 PM 	Agent	BE_Rep_Heritha	Dell is in full transition with Vista now,that's why we don't offer that much though we still cater to the open-source but that is limited to one system only here in Home and Home office Site.;

09:05:28 PM 	Agent	BE_Rep_Heritha	My humblest apology in behalf of Dell.

09:06:46 PM 	Customer	Ken Rufo	Ok, I guess I can understand you have obligations to MS and Vista, it just seems a shame that the reason I was most interested in Dell doesn't bear up under scrutiny. I may still buy a Dell system, so no fault there, but now I'll have to comparison shop with all the other Vista-based models from other manufacturers.

Session ID: 13603013  
Question40
</blockquote>

The agent still never really explains why transitioning to Vista precludes more attention to Ubuntu, nor is any explanation available as to why the transition once included a second notebook model that is now no longer available.  That and the massive amount of time that passes each time I ask for a "why is that" answer (2 and a half minutes one time, over 5 minutes another) makes me wonder.  I'm sure the 1420n is a nice machine, but I'm just not sure I should be giving Dell the benefit of the doubt on this...  Thoughts?]]>
      
   </content>
</entry>
<entry>
   <title>The Onion Returns</title>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.ghostinthewire.org/2007/07/the_onion_returns.php" />
   <id>tag:www.ghostinthewire.org,2007://1.114</id>
   
   <published>2007-07-25T23:51:23Z</published>
   <updated>2007-09-23T21:08:26Z</updated>
   
   <summary>Ok, so it never really went anywhere, but it hasn&apos;t seemed as important of late. Not so with today&apos;s story: &quot;Iraqis May Experience Sadness When Friends, Relatives Die.&quot; The best bit: &quot;Contrary to conventional wisdom, it seems that Iraqis do...</summary>
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      <![CDATA[Ok, so it never really went anywhere, but it hasn't seemed as important of late.  Not so with today's story: "<a href="http://www.theonion.com/content/news/study_iraqis_may_experience">Iraqis May Experience Sadness When Friends, Relatives Die</a>."  The best bit:

<blockquote>"Contrary to conventional wisdom, it seems that Iraqis do indeed experience at least minor feelings of grief when a best friend or a grandparent is ripped apart by a car bomb or shot execution style and later unearthed in a shallow mass grave," Prytzal said. "Last December's suicide-bomb killing of 71 Shiites in Baghdad, for example, produced unexpected reactions ranging from crumpled, sobbing despair to silent, dazed shock."

Iraqis have often been observed weeping and wailing in apparent anguish, but the study offers evidence indicating this may not be exclusively an outward expression of anger or a desire for revenge. It also provocatively suggests that this grief can possess an American-like personal quality, and is not simply a tribal lamentation ritual.

Said Pryztal: "When trying to understand the psychology of the Iraqi citizenry after four years of war, think of a small American town roiled by the death of a well-known high school football player."

According to Pryztal, the intensity of the grief does not diminish if the mourner experiences multiple bereavements over time. "If a woman has already lost one child, the subsequent killings of other children will evoke similar responses," he said. "In the majority of cases we studied, it appeared as though those who lost multiple kids never actually got used to it."

Though Pryztal expects the results of the study may be of some interest to students of Arab psychology, he did concede that the data may not be entirely accurate because it was gathered directly from Iraqis themselves.</blockquote>

If a solution exists to the current crisis of conscience in foreign policy, it is in understanding the shared vulnerability that gives substance to the very concept of humanity.  The comic frame seems as much a means of doing this as any.  Nice job, Onion.]]>
      
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</entry>
<entry>
   <title>Rufo&apos;s Law, Example and Explanation</title>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.ghostinthewire.org/2007/07/rufos_law_example_and_explanat.php" />
   <id>tag:www.ghostinthewire.org,2007://1.113</id>
   
   <published>2007-07-25T22:18:50Z</published>
   <updated>2007-09-23T18:49:45Z</updated>
   
   <summary>I&apos;m back. I don&apos;t know if someone has already claimed this one, but if not, I&apos;m calling nomenclature rights. As such, I define Rufo&apos;s Law as follows: When it comes to theoretical work of any type, the more widely &quot;assumed&quot;...</summary>
   <author>
      <name></name>
      
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   <category term="254" label="academic" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
   <category term="2" label="Baudrillard" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
   <category term="19" label="Derrida" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
   
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      <![CDATA[I'm back.

I don't know if someone has already claimed this one, but if not, I'm calling nomenclature rights.  As such, I define <strong>Rufo's Law</strong> as follows:

<blockquote>When it comes to theoretical work of any type, the more widely "assumed" a certain argument, concept, or thinker is, the less that argument, concept, or thinker is actually understood.</blockquote>

Less Josh think I'm talking about his recent discussion of phonocentrism, I'm not really, or at least that wasn't the inspiration for this post.  Sure, I do think that far too much of Derrida is now "assumed" and, concomitantly, rather horribly misunderstood.  Derrida will remain one of the more complicated philosophers, rich in reward, for some time, and I suspect he will be read and re-interpreted long after others of his day have passed from the collective consciousness.  I do not think we have even begun to read Derrida - but that is an issue for a different post.

Nothing Derrida-related prompted the declaration of Rufo's Law.  No, the actual inspiration came from a series of comments about Baudrillard, scattered across the intertubes and a random aside in article I recently read.  Baudrillard is one of those people who routinely suffer from what I call "drive-by parentheticals," wherein an article wants to assert some commonly "assumed" fact that Baudrillard might commonly be "assumed" to provide, and so randomly inserts Baudrillard into a footnote or parenthetical citation.  In effect, we see comments like, "given the proliferation of simulacra (Baudrillard 1994), yada yada."  That's the drive-by - academic style.

As someone who has read a lot of Baudrillard and who has sustained a keen interest in his work despite moments in which I withdraw, look elsewhere, or even recoil, I am still amazed at how little even self-proclaimed fans of his work actually understand him.  For the vast majority of commentators, the Baudrillard they know is that of <em>Simulations</em>, or <em>Simulacra and Simulations</em>, or <em>Seduction</em>, or <em>Silent Majorities</em>.  Sure, they saw a <em>Cool Memories</em> volume once or twice in a university bookstore, and some of them even stumbled upon <em>The Transparency of Evil</em>, almost by accident (the irony).  And of course, they read the Internet version of Baudrillard's 9-11 essay.  And most are aware that he and Foucault fought about something or other.  But even these other encounters simply orbit the mainstays of what is assumed to be Baudrillard's standardized corpus, which, strangely enough, are the middle, transitional texts in his work.  Ignored and unattended are the beautiful and essential earlier works on political economy and symbolic exchange, and "assumed" are the later works on evil, the end, and virtual reality.  You can hear their inner voices as they flip quickly through the pages of a random JB text in Borders, or see the cover flash by on their "Amazon recommends" pages: "Been there, done that, it's all simulacra, baby.  We've heard it all before.  Now how about this shiny Badiou book instead?"

Unfortunately, Rufo's Law is here in full effect.  And the assumed Baudrillard is, not surprisingly, the most often misunderstood and misappropriated Baudrillard.  The irony, of course, is that this sort of academic game is precisely the sort of simulational theoretical enterprise that Baudrillard decried, and the one that prompted him to change his writing style after <em>Symbolic Exchange and Death</em> to one more allusional rather than referential, and more poetic than academic.

Baudrillard needs to be re-read and re-engaged, I think.  He is too often folded into Deleuzian readings or "corrected" by Zizekian analysis, as if Baudrillard hadn't already laid out thorough, nuanced, and rather impressive criticisms of the internal heuristic limits of both the desiring machine and psychoanalysis.  He is said to ignore class conditions and the necessity of Marxist critique, as well as the reality of suffering, even as he spends entire books detailing his objections to Marxism and essay after essay explaining the role of the reality-principle in the portrayal of suffering.  He is declared a (bad) nihilist and a misogynist, as if he never accounted for and addressed criticism of his work after the 80s, and as if he never further extended and enriched his analysis.  That this sort of short-thrift, simulation-via-assumption engagement has become so commonplace, and that it confirms much of his take-down of critical theory, should hardly be surprising.  If anything, it seems banal, perhaps even oafish, to take note of it.  Nevertheless...]]>
      
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</entry>
<entry>
   <title>I&apos;m no social scientist, but...</title>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.ghostinthewire.org/2007/03/im_no_social_scientist_but.php" />
   <id>tag:www.ghostinthewire.org,2007://1.112</id>
   
   <published>2007-03-13T04:03:46Z</published>
   <updated>2007-05-12T01:49:58Z</updated>
   
   <summary>I am a psychic. And as such, I predict this study will be cited incessantly by people who mock social science research, especially in economics. And for good reason....</summary>
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      <![CDATA[I am a psychic.  And as such, I predict <a href="http://www.slate.com/id/2161309/nav/tap1/">this study</a> will be cited incessantly by people who mock social science research, especially in economics.

And for good reason.]]>
      
   </content>
</entry>
<entry>
   <title>Baudrillard and Heidegger, 2</title>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.ghostinthewire.org/2007/03/baudrillard_and_heidegger_2.php" />
   <id>tag:www.ghostinthewire.org,2007://1.111</id>
   
   <published>2007-03-08T15:23:00Z</published>
   <updated>2007-05-07T11:28:13Z</updated>
   
   <summary>Fast forward from the material governing the previous post, to May of 1999, to what amounts, in other words, to a thirty year jump. We are near the end of Baudrillard&apos;s career now rather than its beginning, and Baudrillard is...</summary>
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      <name></name>
      
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   <category term="2" label="Baudrillard" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
   <category term="111" label="Benjamin" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
   <category term="252" label="Dasein" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
   <category term="32" label="Heidegger" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
   <category term="6" label="imaginary" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
   <category term="5" label="Real" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
   <category term="8" label="simulation" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
   <category term="50" label="technology" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
   
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      <![CDATA[Fast forward from the material governing the <a href="http://www.ghostinthewire.org/2007/03/baudrillard_and_heidegger.php">previous post</a>, to May of 1999, to what amounts, in other words, to a thirty year jump.  We are near the end of Baudrillard's career now rather than its beginning, and Baudrillard is doing a series of <a href="http://www.humanities.uci.edu/critical/html/Projects%20+%20Events/wellek.html">Wellek lectures</a> at the University of California, Irvine.  In the third lecture, entitled the "Murder of the Real," Baudrillard rehearses a theme that has been more or less a constant to his work since <em>The Perfect Crime</em>, namely that reality has died, been ex-terminated, and has not and never will be resurrected.  Indeed, it's corpse may never even be found.  He notes:

<blockquote>For reality is but a concept, or a principle, and by reality I mean the whole system of values connected with this principle.  The Real as such implies an origin, an end, a past and a future, a chain of causes and effects, a continuity and a rationality.  No real without these elements, without an objective configuration of discourse.  And its disappearing is the dislocation of this whole constellation.</blockquote>

This argument is bound up, for Baudrillard, with virtualization and virtual reality, and a critique of new information technology.  I have never been particularly convinced by his critiques of these technologies, but I do find the cultural inference he draws from them to be accurate; in other words, whether virtual reality itself does anything to dissolve the real, the discursive field that enables something like the term "virtual reality" is evidence already that the dissolution has taken place, that it has become susceptible to qualification, subdivision, and hyper-realization.  

This collapse of reality is an argument for which Baudrillard is particularly well known, but it will come as no surprise that the Heidegger of <em>Being and Time</em> is also dedicated to a dissolution of the metaphysical reality principle, though his reasons for thinking this dissolution are far more subjectal in orientation (again, at least that's the case back in 1927).  ]]>
      <![CDATA[He writes:

<blockquote>The ‘problem of Reality’ in the sense of the question whether an external world is present-at-hand and whether such a world can be proved, turns out to be an impossible one, not because its consequences lead to inextricable impasses, but because the very entity which serves as its theme, is one which, as it were, repudiates any such formulation of the question.  Our task is not to prove that an 'external world' is present-at-hand or to show how it is present-at-hand, but to point out why Dasein, as Being-in-the-world, has a tendency to bury the 'external world' in nullity 'epistemologically' before going on to prove it.  The reason for this lies in Dasein's falling and in the way in which primary understanding of Being has been diverted to Being as presence-at-hand - a diversion which is motivated by that falling itself.</blockquote>

And later, Heidegger continues:

<blockquote>Certainly a grain of genuine inquiry is to be found in each of these [investigations into Reality]; but certain as this it, it would be just as perverse if one should want to achieve a tenable solution of the problem by reckoning up how much has been correct in each case.  What is needed rather is basic insight that while the different epistemological directions which have been pursued have not gone so very far off epistemologically, their neglect of any existential analytic of Dasein has kept them from obtaining any basis for a well secured phenomenal problematic.</blockquote>

So in other words, reality does not exist in any verifiable sense, in any objective sense, or at least it cannot be understood to exist without a prior development of the subjectal consciousness of <em>Dasein</em>.  A similar conclusion about the state of the Real, perhaps, but with Baudrillard - late Baudrillard - the Real has passed beyond the power of a subjectal reconstitution - no analytic of Dasein can possibly find its remains, much less breathe new life into them.  The reason for this, continuing what I noted previously, is that Baudrillard understands the dispersal of <em>Dasein</em> as being completed through the ascendancy of the object, and with that ascendancy the advent of simulacral, modular reality, as well as viral, integral reality.  So for Baudrillard, it is not that something is lacking in our analytic or critical faculties, but rather that we are overwhelmed by an excess of analytic and critical faculties.  From the Wellek lectures again:

<blockquote>Let us be clear about this: if the Real is disappearing, it is not because of a lack of it - on the contrary, there is too much of it.  It is the excess of reality that puts an end to reality, just as the excess of information puts an end to information, or the excess of communication puts an end to communication.  We are no longer dealing with the problematic of lack and alienation, where the referent of the self and the dialectic between subject and object were always to be found, supporting strong and active philosophical positions...  By shifting to a virtual world, we go beyond alienation, into a state of radical deprivation of the Other, or indeed of any otherness, alterity, or negativity.  We move into a world where everything that exists only as idea, dream, fantasy, utopia will be eradicated because it will immediately be realized, operationalized.  Nothing will survive as an idea or a concept.  You will not even have time to imagine.</blockquote>

I choose that particular quote not only to help differentiate and make clear that Baudrillard is witnessing a different set of operations than is Heidegger, and not only because in doing so he also gets to offer a subtle but powerful rejoinder to Lacan, but because we can see at the end of the quote, after all those operations and discussions of excess, that we are right back to the question of the imaginary and the violence that attends its auratic economy, what Baudrillard somewhat jokingly refers to elsewhere as the "revenge of the crystal," or the revenge of the object.  

Back in <em>System of Objects</em>, as I showed previously, Baudrillard has a much more favorable impression of the role of the imaginary, particularly the role it will play in relating the subject to its objects.  Indeed, he seems downright optimistic about it.  But in the intervening years, with the twists and turns of the 70s political economy period, the evolution of his thought into his 80s thesis on simulacra, and his eventual enriching of that thought with his 90s addition on viral reality (and the related interest in the event and alterity), Baudrillard recognizes that the new imaginary is pretty much dead on arrival.  This makes sense if, once again, we remind ourselves of what Benjamin prophesied, that aura collapses when the distance between the object of art and the subject disappears.  This is precisely what happens with the imaginary, in that the capacity to imagine encounters the technological possibility of realizing the imagination in something not unlike real time, and in many cases anticipating and overdetermining the imagination before the imaginary even has a chance to work its magic.  Hence Baudrillard's conflation of science fiction and the present social and media ecology.  

With the imaginary all but eviscerated (and we can provide examples of this in comments, if necessary), Baudrillard claims that a new way of thinking is needed: "To challenge and to cope with this paradoxical state of affairs," he says, "we need a paradoxical way of thinking: since the world drifts into delirium, we must adopt a delirious point of view.  We must no longer assume any principle of truth, or causality, or any discursive norm.  Instead we must grant both the poetic singularity of events and the radical uncertainty of events."  

I do not want to exaggerate the common ground here, as I am not sure how stretching to do so ever serves a productive purpose, but I do think it worthwhile to at least gesture toward the one particularly obvious possibility, namely that Baudrillard's singularity and uncertainty of the event holds some concordance with Heidegger's <em>Ereignis</em>.  Baudrillard's event does have something of an appropriative quality, the snatching back of the Real, the fleeting <em>destruktion</em> of all those layers of smoking simulacra, etc.  Still, we should avoid the temptation to go too far in this direction, as again <em>Ereignis</em> signifies an important temporal dimension in Heidegger's thought that is less of a concern in Baudrillard's.

They do, however, share in the belief that there is something in language - that house of Being - that offers itself up to and invites thought.  And we should place a special emphasis on the adjectival "poetic" that qualifies Baudrillard's singularity, for it is there that we can see the formation of a question concerning technology in Baudrillard that moves both back to and beyond the one that bears Heidegger's name.  This poetic quality of language offers us a chance to do more than simply resign ourselves to being silent witnesses to the perfect crime.  Baudrillard puts it this way:

<blockquote>We must say that the strongest resistance to this destructive virtualization comes from language itself, from the singularity, the irreducibility, the vernacularity of all languages, which are actually very much alive and proving to be the best deterrent against the global extermination of meaning.  So the game is not over, but no one can say who will have the last word.</blockquote>

Without getting too tangential, I think this emphasis on the singularity of language is important to understanding late Baudrillard, particularly the <em>Vital Illusion</em> text, but also his later <em>Cool Memories</em>, his <em>Impossible Exchange</em>, even the <em>Lucidity Pact</em>.  As such, this later version of Baudrillard is not simply extending his analysis of the Code or the "ecstasy of communication," and so, contrary to <a href="http://www.artsjournal.com/quickstudy/2007/03/jean_baudrillard_19292007.html">some reviews</a>, <em>Vital Illusion</em> remains an important signpost pointing to a departure in Baudrillard from some of his previous, more totalizing claims about linguistic and semiological codes.

At this point, though, as much as I think the specter of Heidegger floats giddily in the background, the nod should actually be more in Jacques' direction than in Martin's.  The Baudrillard of the 90s, who formulates the perfect crime thesis side by side a renewed interest in the question of alterity and the whitewashing of history coincides with the later Derrida work touching on similar themes (I'm thinking specifically of Derrida's more messianic tomes), and the question of alterity is particularly pressing, though again I think one thing that this Baudrillard is doing particularly well is making sure we understand that alterity is not just about other people (hear that, Levinas?) but about the world, its history, its objects, and everything else.  To that extent, he'll redefine the subject object relation later in the same lecture by noting casually that:

<blockquote>Simply, the object is <em>what escapes the subject</em> - more we cannot say, since our position is still that of the subject and of rational discourse.  At any rate, we cannotrely on the pretext of an insufficient development of the scientific, intellectual or mental apparatus.  The apparatus has given all that it can give; it has passed beyond its own definitions of rationality...  It is the event horizon, as they say in physics, beyond which nothing makes sense and nothing at all may be discovered.</blockquote>

In redefining the object as the thing that escapes the subject, two differentiations are noteworthy.  The first, which is most relevant to this post, is the departure from Heidegger, who as I quoted earlier, believes that we cannot address the question of reality without a prior determination and analytic of <em>Dasein</em>.  The second, which is more subtle, is a preemptive repudiation of the Lacanian reading, which would say in effect that Baudrillard is describing the object as the real and the subject as the symbolic.  Baudrillard is doing far more than that; he is making the case not just that the reality of the object exceeds the symbolic of the subject, but rather that there is a point at which the symbolic of the object directly saps the Real of the subject.  The idea of the event horizon, after all, is the point after which one cannot escape the gravity of a black whole; everything passing beyond this point, even time itself, continues its journey until it collapses into a singularity.  The object toys with us, in this regard, and the belief in the Real, as that thing that resists symbolization completely, misunderstands how it is that the symbolic object currently produces the myth of the Real, the reality principle.

The good news, from Baudrillard's perspective, is that this radical alterity, which is also the form of a radical, internalized secrecy, and which we see through language's resistance to virtualization, may actually point the way out of hyper- and integral- reality, or at least to the possibility of minor ruptures.  "In this sense," he says, "the Perfect Crime is an hypothesis of radiant optimism."

Now, now, you're thinking, this sure sounds vaguely familiar.  Isn't this just like that moment in "Question Concerning Technology," where Heidegger finishes up announcing the utter bleakness of our technological age, only to jump up, quote Holderlin, and announce the possibility of the saving power?  Baudrillard cites Holderlin at this point as well, "But where the danger is, grows the saving power also," but goes on to write:

<blockquote>It applies today - with the caveat that, as the evil genius of modernity has changed our destiny, Holderlin's phrase must be reversed: the more the saving power grows, the greater the danger.  For we are no longer victims of an excess of fate and danger, of illusion and death.  We are victims of an absence of destiny, of a lack of illusion, and consequently of an excess of reality, security, and efficiency...  But it seems that something resists this irresistible trend, something irreducible.  And here we might quote, as a counterpart to Holderlin's phrase, this very mysterious sentence of Heidegger: "When we look into the ambiguous essence of technology, we behold the constellation, the stellar course of mystery."</blockquote>

The express turn to Heidegger is remarkable here, as it reads Heidegger against Heidegger, a reversal of the saving power that craves insecurity and danger over sheltering and salvation.  Some of this is merely semantic gamesmanship on Baudrillard's part, obviously, in that Heidegger is hardly advocating a more secure revelation of Being, but the reversibility that Baudrillard is employing is meant, in part, to be a game.  This is the benefit of taking that question of <em>Dasein's</em> dispersal through Benjamin and into the object, rather than, as Heidegger does, as a question of temporality, historicity, and forgetting.  The saving power for Heidegger is still largely reflective: in the horrors of technology we can recognize the enframing, its challenging of nature, and transformation of the world into standing-reserve.  In a way, like fish out of water, we do not recognize the value and importance of Being, we do not hear its call, until we are sufficiently removed from it, and technology enables that, even as it hides Being from us.  Heidegger's account is powerful, but ultimately a bit limited, in that it retains a sort of mythic hope of phenomenological transcendence, an <strong>act of recognition</strong>.  But for Baudrillard, what we might call the "danger power" is similar but not identical: we can recognize in the death of the real the possible immortality, regeneration, or invulnerability of language itself, of the poetic singularity of that language.  It is the internal heuristic limit of virtualization/realization, what amounts to its reversibility, that makes possible the chance of escape, and a renewal of alterity, and this seems to be the case no matter our failure of recognition.  Instead, contrary to physics, every once and a while the world snatches something of that singularity back from beyond the event horizon.  The subjectal task is not then one of critical or ontological recognition, but to accelerate the journey into the unknown: 

<blockquote>The only justification for thinking and writing is that it accelerates these terminal processes.  Here, beyond the discourse of truth, resides the poetic and enigmatic value of thinking.  For, facing a world that is unintelligible and problematic, our task is clear: we must make that world even more unintelligible, even more enigmatic.</blockquote>

This seems both too simple and too difficult, and I think it a good place to stop, if only to let that simple impossibility keep a bit of its secret to itself.

Next time, Baudrillard on Heidegger's Nazism.]]>
   </content>
</entry>
<entry>
   <title>Baudrillard and Heidegger, 1</title>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.ghostinthewire.org/2007/03/baudrillard_and_heidegger.php" />
   <id>tag:www.ghostinthewire.org,2007://1.110</id>
   
   <published>2007-03-08T00:04:07Z</published>
   <updated>2007-05-07T08:26:03Z</updated>
   
   <summary>A friend requested a bit on Baudrillard&apos;s relationship to Heidegger, so: I think that one of the fundamental points of confusion in Heidegger&apos;s Being and Time comes when, in analyzing why it is that human beings so often ignore their...</summary>
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      <name></name>
      
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   <category term="111" label="Benjamin" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
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      <![CDATA[A friend requested a bit on Baudrillard's relationship to Heidegger, so:

I think that one of the fundamental points of confusion in Heidegger's <em>Being and Time</em> comes when, in analyzing why it is that human beings so often ignore their being or <em>Dasein</em>, choosing the crowd over resolute and authentic existence, thereby voiding the <em>Eigen</em> in <em>Eigentlichkeit</em>.  Heidegger characterizes it this way: <em>Dasein</em> is "dispersed into the 'they' and must find itself."  This dispersal is, for Heidegger, part of the existential structure of <em>Dasein</em>, and as a consequence Heidegger offers no substantive discussion of the means or methods of this dispersal, at least not back in 1927 (arguably the "turn" towards historicity and the forgetting of Being may offer an explanation for it, but that comes some years later).

I think that one productive way to address this question is to consider the overall project of <em>Being and Time</em>, which is really an analytic of the <em>subjectivity of Dasein</em>, even if it distances itself from subjectivity as understood in Western metaphysics.  What I mean is that the investigation of <em>Dasein</em> starts by investigating <em>Dasein</em> itself as the subject of the analysis, and so there remains a bit of an emphasis on the subjectal determination of the world, which I think you can see in the discussion of "thrownness" and the "call of conscience."  Again this changes later, as Heidegger explicitly admits this as a limitation of his early work, altering his analytical emphasis away from <em>Dasein</em> in his <em>On Time and Being</em>, and elsewhere segues from the "call of conscience" to the "call of being."  Still, without necessarily following Heidegger's turn, we can look at this "error" as a productive one.

To do so, we can begin to think a brief bit about Walter Benjamin, whose work had a considerable emphasis on Baudrillard's thought.]]>
      <![CDATA[Benjamin's most famous essay, his "Work of Art in the Age of Technical Reproducibility," tackles an issue that may seem somewhat tangential or secondary for Heidegger: the role of new production technologies in changing the nature of the object.  But of course it's not tangential at all, since the worldliness that Heidegger writes about in <em>Being and Time</em> is, if we believe Benjamin, in part called into question by these new representational technologies.  

Take as an example the medium Benjamin discusses most prominently in that essay: film.  With its manipulation of reality via the shifting perspective of the camera and the special effects it enables, the film undoes some of the standards of representation that structure the subject apperception of the object.  Or as Benjamin puts it, film’s “social significance” is “inconceivable without its destructive, cathartic aspect, that is, the liquidation of the traditional value of the cultural heritage.”  By the liquidation of traditional value, he means to imply that these new technologies, and the ease with which they reproduce themselves as representations, ruptures the sense of history that traditional objects of art once engendered.  Benjamin's words:

<blockquote>The authenticity of a thing is the essence of all that is transmissible from its beginning, ranging from is substantive duration to its testimony to the history which it has experienced.  Since the historical testimony rests on the authenticity, the former, too, is jeopardized by reproduction when substantive duration ceases to matter.  And what is really jeopardized when the historical testimony is affected is the authority of the object.</blockquote>

In other words, for Benjamin the authenticity of an object anchors itself in the object’s aura, “the unique phenomenon of a distance, however close it may be.”  With technologically reproduced objects, the aura is lost, contaminated by the lack of distance between the audience (an ambiguity) and the object.  We might clarify, following Heidegger, that the object becomes more readily present-at-hand; it becomes something like a standing-reserve, constantly put to the work of being available for display.  The dissipation of aura, its loss of proximity, severs the object’s status as a signifier of an historical, cultural tradition and instantiates the object as a signifier of the object’s present political moment.  

Obviously we're working with two different senses of authenticity, though those two senses are not that far apart.  Heidegger is talking about the authentic existence of <em>Dasein</em>, its resolute existence, which is for Heidegger a "good," and Benjamin's talking about the loss of authenticity of the object of art, which for Benjamin is also a "good."

Put the Benjamin aside and on hold for a bit, and just let it simmer.  Let's recall that Heidegger spends a lot of <em>Being and Time</em> concerned with the way metaphysics has built up a system of thought that hides the more primordial and fundamental ontological question of Being.  The separation of beings from Being and the myth of objective reality are all rather essential backdrops for Heidegger's project. 

So too for Baudrillard's thought, though for different reasons than the early Heidegger.  I think that, and i'll just go ahead and make this clear up front, we can think of Baudrillard's career in many ways as an alternate attempt to deal with the point of confusion identified above in Heidegger.  It does so not by reorienting the analysis such that it privileges temporality over the subjectivity of <em>Dasein</em>, but by displacing any question of the subjectal with the objectal, which is to say that Baudrillard explains the dispersal of <em>Dasein</em> into <em>das Man</em> by exposing the subject's overdetermination by the object.  As Charles Levin explains, in his book on Baudrillard:

<blockquote>No subject can be posited without an object: the object creates the space-time of thought, and its ontic discreteness (its ‘readiness at hand’, as Heidegger might say) serves as the <strong>model</strong> for the social individual, as both agency and entity – as a thing that wills.  (Emphasis mine.)</blockquote>

We can find a concrete illustration of this modeling (and an extension of Heidegger’s question concerning technology) in Baudrillard’s early writings on automatism in <em>System of Objects</em>, where automatism is understood as the self-sufficiency of the object.  The object as automation comes about because of and mirrors the desire for ease and lack of responsibility that Heidegger identifies in <em>Dasein’s</em> allegiance to <em>das Man</em>.  Responsibility is lost, and more of the functions of the subject are ceded to the object.  In turn, the object appears less flexible, less functional, a trick that affirms the subject-object dialectic: the subject believes the object is designed to serve (to fulfill a need) while the object assumes responsibility for the subject.  Baudrillard explains: 

<blockquote>Automatism amounts to a closing-off, to a sort of functional self-sufficiency which exiles man to the irresponsibility of a mere spectator.  Contained within it is the dream of a dominated world, of a formally perfected technicity that serves an inert and dreamy humanity.</blockquote>

Is this not the same fear articulated by Heidegger’s discussion of the ordering of <em>Gestell</em> (enframing) in his later lectures on technology?  The inert, standing-reserve of humanity—its destiny prefigured by the service of automation.  Automation fulfills the destiny of enframing in the manifestation of the technological object, or to put it in terms slightly more in Baudrillard's idiom, the subject's enjoyment of automation produces the "object as destiny."  

Of course, Baudrillard never considers the object to be merely a material entity, even back in 1968, arguing that the object is always already a form, not a content, an argument that will later be fulfilled and taken to its heuristic limits in his arguments about the political economy of the sign.  Since the object is formal, since it is inscribed in a system of cultural significations, and because the object is always in that sense locked in an antagonism with its subject, Baudrillard's insight is to recognize that the object transfigures enframing from merely a way of ordering the world to something like a constitutive <em>existentiale</em> of the subject.  In this sense, its essence is not technological but imaginary; the object defines the subject in relation to the image of itself.  Baudrillard again:

<blockquote>Automatism is king, and its fascination is indeed so powerful precisely because it is not that of a technical rationality; rather, we come under its spell because we experience it as a basic desire, as the imaginary truth of the object, in comparison with which the object’s structure and concrete function leave us cold.</blockquote>

The comfortable familiarity of the automated object lulls us into a subjective complacency, where we equate its action with our own: “At all events, whatever the functioning of the object may be…we invariably experience it as OUR functioning."  The automated object forces a grand misrecognition, a mystification of humanity that redefines human agency as a mastery of technology without realizing that the reliance on automation actually atrophies subjectal agency.  Small wonder then that Baudrillard jovially remarks: “The object is in fact the finest of domestic animals – the only ‘being’ whose qualities exalt rather than limit my person… they all converge submissively upon me and accumulate with the greatest of ease in my consciousness.”

At this point, it's useful to recall Benjamin's discussion of the authenticity of the object, which relates somewhat obviously to the discussion of Baudrillard thus far, in that it is technological reproducibility that makes automation and the rise of the object possible.  But there is a more interesting, though more subtle, way of integrating Benjamin's insight into aura.  I quoted Baudrillard earlier as suggesting that we experience automatism as the "imaginary" of the object. in that the object is experienced primarily neither at the level of the symbolic or the Real.  We're in the Lacanian register here, obviously, but Baudrillard is way too savvy and antagonistic to simply accept Lacan's terminology.  What if the imaginary and the Real also functioned via an auratic economy?  We would need to rethink the relation between the registers.

Lacan, for example, was very clear in thinking that the imaginary first comes about through the encounter with a mirror object that is primarily (alright, exclusively) static.  But if the object is as ascendant as Baudrillard thinks it is, and this is true because of its mechanical reproduction, its automatism, then to a certain extent it becomes ascendant through the collapse of aura; the fall of latter makes possible the rise of the former, so to speak.  And since the object is always already <strong>formal</strong>, we can rest assured that whatever happens with the imaginary, it will be tainted by the symbolic that governs the object's incorporation.  This is why, still in <em>System of Objects</em>, Baudrillard will describe the object as "in the strict sense of the word a mirror, for the images it reflects can only follow upon one another without ever contradicting one another.  And indeed, as a mirror the object, is perfect, precisely because it sends back not real images, but desired ones."  If the image that the object provides is the desired one, then we might be tempted to think that desire governs perception, and that in this sense, Baudrillard's object is still subjectal in the sense I talked about with Heidegger's analytic of <em>Dasein</em>, and, well, that would be true.  But even back in 1968, he is confident in asserting that the imaginary is in turn determined by the technological and media environment:

<blockquote>We may take comfort in the fact that even if objects sometimes escape practical human control, they never escape the imagination.  Modes of the imaginary follow modes of technological evolution, and it is therefore to be expected that the next mode of technical efficiency will give rise to a new imaginary mode.  At present, its traits are difficult to discern, but perhaps, in the wake of the animistic and energetic modes, we shall need to turn our attention to the structures of a cybernetic imaginary mode whose central myth will no longer be that of an absolute organicism, nor that of an absolute functionalism, but instead that of an absolute interrelatedness of the world.</blockquote>

Alright, I don't want this post to go on forever, and so I won't go too far beyond the Baudrillard of <em>System of Objects</em>, as all I am trying to highlight at this point is how the early Baudrillard project really does provide a way of explaining how it is that <em>Dasein</em> gets dispersed into the They: the object sucks the subject away by means of a fluid and ever changing imaginary.  The imaginary is both a projection of desire and the product of a system of signification that exceeds the subject, that is determined by the exchange and economy of objects, and that is influenced by the different auratic economies of the technological and media environment.  To this extent, we can really consider Baudrillard one of the more legitimate heirs of Heidegger's project.

Now, I should say that the subjectal residue in early Baudrillard does not survive for very long in Baudrillard's thought.  Less than a decade later, first in <em>For a Critique of the Political Economy of the Sign</em> and then in the brilliant <em>Symbolic Exchange and Death</em>, the code comes to replace and overdetermine the imaginary, and in so doing Baudrillard will largely put to death the Lacanian registers (literally, he'll pose the problem of death in so much as death is always already the imaginary of the real).  And shortly thereafter, he'll follow his own logic in the discussion of the Code and move into the discussion of simulation, simulacra, and eventually end up in his discussion of integral reality.  But all of that comes from an initial project designed to explain the relation between object and subject, and the way that those objects form a system that responds to a particular media ecology, which is, of course, the same ecology that haunted Heidegger's analytic of <em>Dasein</em>.

Coming tomorrow, some of Baudrillard's specific discussions or allusions to Heidegger.]]>
   </content>
</entry>
<entry>
   <title>Baudrillard Dies</title>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.ghostinthewire.org/2007/03/baudrillard_dies.php" />
   <id>tag:www.ghostinthewire.org,2007://1.109</id>
   
   <published>2007-03-06T20:57:30Z</published>
   <updated>2007-05-05T17:44:20Z</updated>
   
   <summary>He was 77. That particular generation of thinkers gets thinner every month, it seems. French announcement can be found here , with a write-up or two beneath the picture of JB, though it will probably be a day or two...</summary>
   <author>
      <name></name>
      
   </author>
   
   <category term="2" label="Baudrillard" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
   <category term="247" label="death" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
   
   <content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://www.ghostinthewire.org/">
      <![CDATA[He was 77.  That particular generation of thinkers gets thinner every month, it seems.  French announcement can be found <a href="http://www.lefigaro.fr/france/20070306.WWW000000430_jean_baudrillard_est_mort.html">here</a> , with a write-up or two beneath the picture of JB, though it will probably be a day or two before proper obits start appearing.

Of course, that won't stop the sea of idiotic and malicious sentiment reminding us just how stupid Baudrillard was; that sentiment ends up being rather quick in its delivery, at least judging from the recent reaction to Derrida's death.]]>
      
   </content>
</entry>
<entry>
   <title>Mahayana Buddhism and the Pre-Pomo Turn</title>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.ghostinthewire.org/2007/03/mahayana_buddhism_and_the_prep.php" />
   <id>tag:www.ghostinthewire.org,2007://1.108</id>
   
   <published>2007-03-06T18:22:10Z</published>
   <updated>2007-05-05T15:51:31Z</updated>
   
   <summary>One of the things that I have found particularly intellectually stimulating in my &quot;conversion&quot; to Buddhism is that the history and debates that govern Buddhism are not that dissimilar to those governing Western philosophy, though many of the Buddhist debates...</summary>
   <author>
      <name></name>
      
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   <category term="248" label="emptiness" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
   <category term="250" label="Nagarjuna" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
   <category term="193" label="postmodernism" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
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      One of the things that I have found particularly intellectually stimulating in my &quot;conversion&quot; to Buddhism is that the history and debates that govern Buddhism are not that dissimilar to those governing Western philosophy, though many of the Buddhist debates are wrapped up in questions of religion and spirituality in a way that Western philosophy is not.  I do not mean to imply that Western philosophy has not been bound up with various spiritual notions, only that the character of those notions differ from what we find in Buddhism.

Anyway, in just a bare bones sketch, I want to trace one of the more interesting debates or moments of transition in Buddhism, the one that mirrors, to my mind, the so-called postmodern turn in Western philosophy.  The story begins with Shakyamuni Buddha, the name given to the enlightened form of Siddhartha Gautama. who upon reaching enlightenment begins teaching what he has discovered.  Now Shakyamuni is teaching in the context of a rather established Hindu and Vedic tradition, and many of his teachings run counter to it, but many of his teachings are also adapted to it, which is to say, that like any rhetorician, he spoke in the vernacular of his audience.  His four noble truths, for example, borrow and reconfigure several terms that were common in Hinduism.  The truths are, as follows:
      <![CDATA[<ol>
<li>There is suffering (<em>dukkha</em>) in the world.
<li>The suffering is caused by our attachments and desire.  These attachments keep us stuck in the world of suffering, which is also the world of illusion, and which is named <em>samsara</em>.  Now samsara was a commonly used term at the time, and it also carried with it the idea of reincarnation - having not reached perfection, individuals would be doomed to repeat the world, life after life, until they reached perfection and were free of it.  In these traditions, as with early Buddhism, the belief is that reincarnation is a punishment for failing to reach enlightenment, not a reward (as it is often imagined in the West).  Buddhist reincarnation implied a return to the world of suffering, and happened because of attachment to that world.
<li>There is an alternative to suffering and illusion, and it is enlightenment (<em>nirvana</em>).  Buddha, literally translates as "awake," or "awakened one," and so enlightenment entails some notion of waking up to the world around you.  Of course, there are a lot of debates as to how best translate <em>nirvana</em>, with some scholars calling it peace or happiness, but the general idea is the same, that through some form of rethinking and re-being, one can free themselves from <em>samsara</em>.
<li>And the form that such rethinking and re-being should take is the eightfold path, which includes right intent (trying to do good), right livelihood (living in a way that benefits others), right mindfulness (mindfulness practice), and right concentration (meditation), and four others.
</ol>

Eventually, with the Buddha's passing, there came moments of disagreement as to the meanings of his teachings, and even disagreements over which of his teachings (and there are a lot of them) should be taken as primary or canonical.  While some of the reasons for this split are cultural and political, some of them are also hermeneutic, in that some Buddhists felt that Buddhism had taken too much of its interpretive cue from Hindusim.  As it was, early Buddhists tended to believe that becoming a Buddha was particularly difficult, and that instead people became <em>arhats</em>, which are like saints who work to the betterment of the gods (the Buddhas) but are not capable of becoming Buddhas themselves.  A split developed between those that believed in the arhat model and those that believed that actually everyone had the potential to become a Buddha, that what was called "Buddha-nature" existed in everyone but that most were asleep to it.  Rather than the arhats, this new group believed that those who would be arhats were more properly understood as <em>Bodhisattvas</em>, people who delay their own enlightenment in order to help others on the path to enlightenment.  Long story short, the new group named their Buddhism "Mahayana", or the greater path, and distanced themselves from the "Hinayana," or lesser path, which is more favorably known as Theravada Buddhism.

Now the break between the two was not particularly simple, and Mahayana Buddhism has itself splintered many, many times, each time being reconfigured by the country into which it spreads, such that both Zen and Tibetan Buddhism can lay claim to being descendants of the Mahayana teachings.  Nevertheless, after some trial and error and a lot of debate, an Indian sage named Nagarjuna keyed on one of the particularly fundamental teachings of the Buddha regarding what was known as <em>sunnata</em> in the Pali, and which he picked up as <em>sunyata</em>, which translates roughly as emptiness.  Nagarjuna looked at the four noble truths and saw a fundamental problem: if the eightfold path teaches ultimately that all entities are connected (a doctrine called in Buddhism "dependent origination") and that therefore right action and right livelihood and right whatever is to be done with this in mind, how can one really speak of a subject or a self that engages in these acts?  The Buddha taught on many occasions that the ego was nothing but the source of attachment and desire, and so there was not, properly speaking, anything on which to base the subject.  And if there was nothing upon which to base the subject, how could the subject know the difference between <em>samsara</em> and <em>nirvana</em>?  Nagarjuna's solution was elegant:

<blockquote>Unprepared to argue the existence of either a 'ground of being' or a 'self', Nagarjuna took the bold opposite track.  His revolutionary argument is as follows: if being is constituted by relations (which is the fundamental argument of dependent origination), then all being is absolutely empty.  What exists between dharmas (that is, relations) is emptiness.  Since consciousness exists through the process of dependent origination, it is also fundamentally empty.  It follows that all mental constructions, which are the product of consciousness, are therefore empty.  The basic fact, he argued, holds as much for the simplest sentence as it does for the Four Noble Truths.  Nagarjuna went so far as to admit that even the concept of emptiness is empty.  (John Holt, "The Radical Egalitarianism of Mahayana Buddhism," 102-3).</blockquote>

This led to a radical decomposition of those structures underpinning the social order.  As Holt explains (107): If distinctions between <em>samsara</em> and <em>nirvana</em> were ultimately empty, if the part could not be separated from the whole, and if every living being was endowed with Buddha-nature, on what basis could distinctions between householder and monk, male and female, rich and poor,be made legitimate?"  These changes in religious belief structure did not so much change the politics of the people who believed them, but as a system of beliefs, they are nevertheless quite fascinating in their dispensation with grounds, ontology, and subjectivity, and are quite radical and transformative in their consequences.

Now Nagarjuna is writing around 200 years (give or take) after the date given as the birth of Christ, which means he is writing a hell of a lot earlier than Heidegger, Sartre, and the so-called postmoderns.  His arguments, while focused on Buddhism, are not unlike those of Gorgias, with his "Being doesn't exist, if it did we wouldn't know it, and if we knew it we couldn't communicate it," but unlike Gorgias, Nagarjuna's arguments don't get trumped, more or less, by Platonism and subsequently get buried under nearly a millennium of metaphysical kruft.

For me, the most interesting result of Nagarjuna's work comes a handful of centuries later, with the advent of Ch'an thought in China, and its eventual exportation to and transformation within Japan, where it becomes known as Zen.  Holt again provides a nice summary of how the argument evolves along the lines Nagarjuna first lays out:

<blockquote>Just as Indian Mahayana metaphysics and the evolution of the Bodhisattva ideal had culminated in the positive valorization of samsara, Zen valorized such mundane tasks as sweeping, kitchen duty and gardening.  These actions were held to be as valuable as any other.  The form of a task was of no importance, rather it was the way in which a task was carried out with right intention and mindfulness.  This ethic is portable and became a principle in such diverse activities as painting, poetry, the tea ceremony, archery, and swordsmanship.  For Zen, there is no dichotomy between thought and action.  Zen is the negation of Cartesian perspectives.  In its expressions, the mind reflects the suchness of existence.  The sword is not external to the swordsman.  It should move as an extension, as an intrinsic part of the mind.  The same should be true of the pen and paint brush.  What is most important is the spontaneous expression of the disciplined, enlightened mind in utter simplicity.  Much of the practice of Zen essentially involves recovering the original unfettered nature of the mind. (Holt 110)</blockquote>

This practice of recovery, what Suzuki Roshi praised as "beginner's mind," may explain the appeal of Zen, or it may not, but it does help to understand its placement within the historical undoing of a Buddhist metaphysics first made possible by Nagarjuna's exposition of <em>sunyata</em>.  It's the reason why D.T. Suzuki once referred to Zen as Buddhism evolved.  

There's more to the story of course.  Zen's opposition to duality, its doctrine of the not-self, and its treatment of language (especially through koan practice) are all particularly interesting philosophically and rhetorically, but they can wait until a later post.

]]>
   </content>
</entry>
<entry>
   <title>Dick Cheney Is Sneaky (i.e. Unhinged)</title>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.ghostinthewire.org/2007/03/dick_cheney_is_sneaky_ie_unhin.php" />
   <id>tag:www.ghostinthewire.org,2007://1.107</id>
   
   <published>2007-03-03T06:55:54Z</published>
   <updated>2007-05-02T05:28:46Z</updated>
   
   <summary>In what must be one of the dumbest and strangest things yet from this administration, Dick Cheney recently took a pause in his busy seven country tour to respond to the group of reporters who have been following him around...</summary>
   <author>
      <name></name>
      
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   <content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://www.ghostinthewire.org/">
      <![CDATA[In what must be one of the dumbest and strangest things yet from this administration, Dick Cheney recently took a pause in his busy seven country tour <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/blog/2007/02/28/BL2007022801191.html">to respond to the group of reporters</a> who have been following him around for the past week.  After literally ignoring them for days, he decided to gather them together on Air Force 2 and hold a Q & A session <strong>on the condition that they do not cite him by name, but instead refer to him as a senior administration official</strong>.  Ok, now this would just be standard, garden variety Cheney, obsessed with secrecy and kind of paranoid, if not for the content of what he said.  To wit, here are the <a href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/02/20070227-8.html">words of the "nameless" Senior Official</a>:

<blockquote>Let me just make one editorial comment here. I've seen some press reporting says, "Cheney went in to beat up on them, threaten them." That's not the way I work. I don't know who writes that, or maybe somebody gets it from some source who doesn't know what I'm doing, or isn't involved in it. But the idea that I'd go in and threaten someone is an invalid misreading of the way I do business.</blockquote>

Umm.  Err.  

Obviously being a dark lord of militarism does not a covert operative make.  I don't want to draw any big political or philosophical lesson from this, I just want to note it and ask: Does the Veep ever have to undergo routine psychological exams to check up on his mental competency to hold office?  I thought I read once that the President does, but maybe I'm mistaken, as he's obviously not competent to hold office and no one has done a medical intervention just yet.  Still, forget Bush for a second - I really think this is evidence of a Cheney mental breakdown.  I wouldn't be surprised if we see him hanging out with Britney Spears or Lindsey Lohan soon.  And then killing them and eating them, like he's the new Hannibal Lecter.  I can almost picture him muttering about Rumsfeld's historical greatness while chewing through Britney's detached and ketchup-soaked arm.]]>
      
   </content>
</entry>
<entry>
   <title>This should not be an opportunity for pathos</title>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.ghostinthewire.org/2007/02/this_should_not_be_an_opportun.php" />
   <id>tag:www.ghostinthewire.org,2007://1.106</id>
   
   <published>2007-02-28T20:17:16Z</published>
   <updated>2007-04-29T16:32:31Z</updated>
   
   <summary>But it is. A twelve your old boy died from a toothache this past weekend. There are times when I think: ok, soon, soon, very soon, people are going to catch on, they&apos;re going to realize it would be a...</summary>
   <author>
      <name></name>
      
   </author>
   
   
   <content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://www.ghostinthewire.org/">
      <![CDATA[But it is.  A <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/27/AR2007022702116.html">twelve your old boy died from a toothache</a> this past weekend.

There are times when I think: ok, soon, soon, very soon, people are going to catch on, they're going to realize it would be a good thing - morally and pragmatically - to give universal health insurance, including dental.  And then I start thinking: I bet they already know, and they just don't care...]]>
      
   </content>
</entry>
<entry>
   <title>Recipe: Golden Leek Veggie Burgers</title>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.ghostinthewire.org/2007/02/recipe_golden_leek_veggie_burg.php" />
   <id>tag:www.ghostinthewire.org,2007://1.105</id>
   
   <published>2007-02-28T15:50:48Z</published>
   <updated>2007-04-29T12:09:41Z</updated>
   
   <summary>On account of this being my blog, and given that in Zen, every action is an opportunity to put into practice your beliefs, I have decided to begin posting recipes on occasion, as do one or two other blogs I...</summary>
   <author>
      <name></name>
      
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   <category term="246" label="cooking recipe burger" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
   
   <content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://www.ghostinthewire.org/">
      <![CDATA[On account of this being my blog, and given that in Zen, every action is an opportunity to put into practice your beliefs, I have decided to begin posting recipes on occasion, as do one or two <a href="http://www.woodmoorvillage.org/2007/02/owner_of_a_lone.html">other blogs</a> I read with regularity.  It's not high theory, and I'm no master chef, but I enjoy cooking and I enjoy experimenting, and as a vegetarian, I'm always looking to see what new things I can try to come up with in the kitchen.  So, for my first offering, here's something I made about a week ago: golden leek veggie burgers.  Here is what you need to make them:

<blockquote>2 cups textured vegetable protein<br>
2/3 cup red lentils<br>
2 eggs or egg substitutes<br>
2-3 leeks, trimmed<br>
3-4 handfuls of fresh spinach<br>
bread crumbs or panka<br>
soy sauce<br>
minced garlic<br>
whole wheat flour<br>
tumeric, cayenne pepper, salt</blockquote>

If those ingredients interest you, read on.]]>
      You&apos;ve got three things that need to happen, so first wash those red lentils, throw them in around 2 cups of water, add some sea salt, and bring them to a boil.  After they reach boiling, put a lid on the pot with just a little room to vent and simmer them.  You&apos;ll simmer them down until there&apos;s no excess water and they&apos;ve lost pretty much all structural coherence.

Second, toss some oil (I prefer non-virgin olive oil) into a pan and heat it, dice the leeks and saute them just like you would an onion, and throw in the minced garlic, tumeric, and a bit of cayenne pepper.  The tumeric is for coloring, the cayenne is for kick, so season as you like.  Meanwhile, chop up that spinach and toss it in after the leeks have started to turn yellow-translucent. Immediately after adding the spinach, add around 3 tablespoons of soy sauce, and cook the whole thing down so there&apos;s little excess soy sauce by the time you&apos;re done.  It&apos;s ok for things to be overly soft - we&apos;re not wanting crunchy burger innards anyway.

Third combine some hot water with the TVP - for 2 cups dry TVP you need about 1 and 3/4 cups hot water - stir, and let it sit.  So far, so good.  This might be a good time to warm up the oven to a friendly 400 degrees.

Now, get out a large mixing bowl and add in your tvp, your lentils, and your vegetables.  Stir.  Add 2 whole eggs or 2 eggs worth of egg substitute and stir to distribute and coat.  Now start adding your bread crumbs and flour.  How much you add is up to you, though you&apos;ll want the mixture to coagulate nicely and for that you&apos;ll need a decent amount of flour to bond with the egg.  When it gets particularly tiring to keep stirring, you know you&apos;re there.  Now coat a baking lipped baking sheet (anything with upward edges) with some more olive oil and spread it around with a spatula or your fingers until you feel confident that the pan is covered.  Don&apos;t drown the pan, but don&apos;t skimp either - you don&apos;t want the burgers coming apart because they stuck to the baking sheet.

Now with clean hands, grab handfuls of the mixture and mold into burger patties.  You should be able to make six or seven generously sized patties.  When the oven has reached 400 degrees, put the burgers on the baking sheet and put the sheet into the oven for 10-12 minutes (depending on size of oven), then flip the burgers and keep in for another 8 minutes.  When you get down to 2-3 minutes left in the total cooking time, warm some wheat buns.  Serve with preferred condiments and enjoy.  You get a relatively low fat, high protein, high taste burger.

Variations: if you like more kick in your burger, add some chili powder.  If you want the burger to be greener, kill a leek and add another 2-3 handfuls of fresh, chopped spinach.

If you have any recommendations or feedback on this, I would very much appreciate it - like I said I&apos;m always looking for ways to improve my cooking.
   </content>
</entry>
<entry>
   <title>The International Journal of Zizek Studies, 1</title>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.ghostinthewire.org/2007/02/the_internation_journal_of_ziz.php" />
   <id>tag:www.ghostinthewire.org,2007://1.104</id>
   
   <published>2007-02-21T00:54:45Z</published>
   <updated>2007-04-21T21:18:24Z</updated>
   
   <summary>If, through some accident of fate or some oddness of fortune, I ever reach some astounding level of academic fame for my work, I can honestly think of no greater punishment, insult, or rejoinder than to have a journal dedicated...</summary>
   <author>
      <name></name>
      
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   <content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://www.ghostinthewire.org/">
      <![CDATA[If, through some accident of fate or some oddness of fortune, I ever reach some astounding level of academic fame for my work, I can honestly think of no greater punishment, insult, or rejoinder than to have a journal dedicated to the study of me.  When they started the <a href="http://www.ubishops.ca/BaudrillardStudies/">one for Baudrillard</a> - online no less - I thought to myself: "well crap, that's pretty funny in an ironic, I don't think they were trying to be funny kind of way."  But the hagiography at work in the <a href="http://zizekstudies.org/index.php/ijzs/issue/view/2">first issue of the one for Zizek</a> is funny in that "I feel bad about myself for finding enjoyment in reading this" kind of way, in the same way you take pleasure in watching the really bad auditions for American Idol.  Which is in no way a comment implying that any of the contributors are failing.  I am familiar with most of them and find all of them thoughtful and interesting.  Rather, just like American Idol, you can't blame the folks auditioning - it's the whole kit and kaboodle that is obscene in that obscenely pleasurable to shake your head and laugh at kind of way.]]>
      
   </content>
</entry>
<entry>
   <title>Surge, Victory, Onion</title>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.ghostinthewire.org/2007/01/surge_victory_onion.php" />
   <id>tag:www.ghostinthewire.org,2007://1.103</id>
   
   <published>2007-01-30T13:04:05Z</published>
   <updated>2007-03-31T09:15:51Z</updated>
   
   <summary>The Onion, which every once and a while does something that warrants remembering how great it once was, offers this hilarious and all too true parody: In an effort to display his administration&apos;s willingness to fight on all fronts in...</summary>
   <author>
      <name></name>
      
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   <content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://www.ghostinthewire.org/">
      <![CDATA[The Onion, which every once and a while does something that warrants remembering how great it once was, offers <a href="http://www.theonion.com/content/news/bush_commits_one_additional_troop">this hilarious and all too true parody</a>:

<blockquote>In an effort to display his administration's willingness to fight on all fronts in the War on Terror, President Bush said at a press conference Monday that American ground forces in Afghanistan will be aided by the immediate deployment of Marine Pfc. Tim Ekenberg of Camp Lejeune, NC.

...

Ekenberg is scheduled to arrive in Afghanistan on Friday. His duties include providing full military support for the still-tenuous democratic government, resolving potential conflicts between rival warlords, gathering intelligence for his superiors, delivering humanitarian relief to millions of Afghan citizens displaced by factional warfare, and maintaining a high level of personal physical fitness.

Ekenberg's most vital assignment, however, will be to patrol approximately 1,200 square miles of volatile territory on the Afghan–Pakistani border and conduct search-and-destroy missions on the estimated 40,000 caves where U.S. intelligence sources believe Osama bin Laden and his al-Qaeda operatives could be hiding.</blockquote>

It is an exaggerated, albeit fair jab at the surge in Iraq.  The vast majority of the new surge troops will be stationed in Baghdad, which means still little solvency for the rest of the territory.  The argument being proffered for such a limited theater is that once the government stabilizes, the rest of the country will stabilize as well, a claim that is weak both theoretically and empirically.  Still, it begs a question for all of those "framers" out there - why aren't the Dems pointing out that Bush's surge is more about victory in Baghdad than in Iraq?  Doesn't the limited emplacement hint that the rest of the country may already be too far gone?  I'm just asking.  Maybe Michelle Malkin will be able to answer given her recent investigative tour of duty.]]>
      
   </content>
</entry>

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